THE PRONOUNS
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns have two forms: one for pronouns with subject function (nominative), one for pronouns with complement function (complementative), which is used for direct complement and indirect compliments introduced by preposition.
Oni is used as a third person impersonal subject referring to a person, in analogy with the use of the French 'On'. Example: one must always tell the truth -> oni debet semper dicere veritatem.
Reciprocal action is expressed with the adverb invicem (reciprocally).
Example: we help each other -> nos adiuvamus nes invicem.
Demonstrative Pronouns
Each Eurizian demonstrative pronoun has two forms: one for masculine and neuter and one for feminine. The two forms are declined according to number (singular, plural) and case (nominative and complementative).
English pronouns “this” and “these”, referring to a person or thing close to the speaker, are translated into Eurizian for masculine and neuter as:
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | hoc | hoic |
Complementative | hunc | hos |
For feminine
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | hac | haec |
Complementative | hanc | has |
Example: I love books very much, but I hate this -> Ego ama multo libros, sed ego detesta hunc
The expression 'this thing' is translated with the neuter huc in all cases.
English pronouns “that” and “those”, referring to a person or thing away from the speaker, are translated into Eurizian for masculine and neuter as:
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominativo | illo | illoi |
Complementativo | illum | illos |
For feminine
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | illa | illae |
Complementative | illam | illas |
Example: I love flowers very much, but I detest the smell of those one -> ego ama multo flores, sed ego detesta odorem de illas.
The expression 'that thing' is translated with the neuter illud in all cases.
Possessive pronouns
The pronominal form of possessives is obtained by using the demonstrative pronoun illo, illa followed by the appropriate possessive adjective. The pronoun illo is declined in the case corresponding to the logical function performed by the pronoun itself. Example:
I cannot find my notebook -> Ego non inveni mei quaternum
You can take mine if you want -> Tu posses capere illum mei, si tu voles.
By way of example, the complete declension of the pronoun mine is given below.
Masculine and neuter
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | illo mei | illoi mei |
Complementative | illum mei | illos mei |
Feminine
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | illa mei | illae mei |
Complementative | illam mei | illas mei |
Interrogative Pronouns
Quis? (who?): is used only as a pronoun referring to a male or female person, for all cases (nominative , complementative) and is used only in the singular.
Examples:
Who rang the door? -> Quis sonavit ad ianuam?
Who are you looking for? -> Quis vos estis qaerenti?
Quid? (what?): is used only as a pronoun referring to thing, for all cases (nominative and complementative) and is used only in the singular.
Examples:
What is troubling you? -> Quid sollicitat te?
What are you looking for? -> Quid vos estis quaerenti?
When acting as indirect complements, these pronouns are used with the appropriate prepositions.
Example: Whose book is this? -> Des quis est hoc libro?
The pronoun/adjective which of the two? is translated as uter and is used only in the singular, referring to a male or female person or thing, for all cases (nominative, complementative).
Example: Here are Mario and Marco; which of the two is the teacher's brother? -> Ecce Marco et Mario; uter est fratre de magistrum?
The pronoun which one? is translated as qualis? Which is used for all three genders, plural and singular and for all cases (nominative, complementative).
Example: Here are all my history books; which one do you want? -> Ecce omni mei libroi de historia; qualis tu voles?
Other interrogative pronouns:
Who ever? Translated with Quisnam, which is used for masculine, and feminine for all cases in the singular only
What on earth? Is translated by Quidnam, which is used for thing , for all cases only in the singular
Example: Who would ever say such a thing? Quisnam diceret une simili rem?
Indefinite Pronouns
The indefinite pronoun someone for masculine and neuter is translated as
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | Aliquo | Aliquoi |
Complementative | Aliqum | Aliquos |
While the corresponding feminine pronoun is translated as:
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | Aliqua | Aliquae |
Complementative | Aliquam | Aliquas |
Example: I saw the roses in your garden; some are very beautiful -> ego vidi rosas de tui viridarium; aliquae sunt maxime pulchri.
The term something (used only in the singular) is translated as aliquid, a neutral form valid for all cases.
The indefinite pronoun the other, the others, for masculine and neuter is translated as:
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | Alio | Alioi |
Complementative | Alium | Alios |
While the corresponding feminine pronoun is translated as:
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | Alia | Aliae |
Complementative | Aliam | Alias |
Example: Our books are the green ones; the yellow and red ones belong to others-> Nostri libri sunt illoi viridi; illoi gilvi et rubri sunt de alios.
the expression 'other thing' (used only in the singular) is translated by aliud, a form valid for all cases.
The indefinite pronoun each one, everyone which is only used in the singular form, is translated as
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | Quisque | ----------- |
Complementative | Quemque | ------------ |
Example: Everyone is the author of his own destiny -> Quisque est artifice de sui sortem.
The expression each thing (used only in the singular) is translated as quidque, a neutral form valid for all cases.
The pronoun one, such a one, ifor maxuline and neuter s translated with:
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | Uno | Unoi |
Complementative | Unum | Unos |
While the corresponding feminine pronoun is translated as:
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | Una | Unae |
Complementative | Unam | Unas |
Example: I saw one reading the newspaper in the bar-> Ego vidi unum qui legebat ephemeridem in barum.
The pronoun both (used only in plural form) for masculine,feminine and neuter translates as:
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | ------- | Utrioque |
Complementative | ------- | Utrosque |
Example: I invited them both -> ego invitavi utrosque
The pronoun the rest, the remaining , all others is translated as :
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | Cetero | Ceteroi |
Complementative | Ceterum | Ceteros |
Example: I kept only part of the books; the rest I threw away -> Ego servavi solum partem de libros; ego iacevi ceteros.
The pronoun everybody, everyone, everything translates as
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | Omne | Omnei |
Complementative | Omnem | Omnes |
Example: Everyone needs love -> Omnei indigent amorem.
The expression 'all things' is translated as omnia for all cases and used only in the plural form.
The pronoun much, many is translated as:
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | Multo | Multoi |
Complementative | Multum | Multos |
Example: many think only of money -> Multoi cogitant solum pecuniam
The pronoun little and few translate as:
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | Pauco | Paucoi |
Complementative | Paucum | Paucos |
Example: they chose a few -> Oni deligevit pucos
The pronoun nobody, no one (masculine and feminine, used only in the singular) is translated by
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | Nemo | ---------- |
Complementative | Neminem | --------- |
The pronoun nothing (neuter, for all cases, used only in the singular form), is translated as
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | Nihil | ---------- |
Complementative | Nihil | --------- |
Please note that in Eurizian you cannot use two negations referring to the same predicate, so nihil and nemo can only be used in sentences in positive form. Example:
I saw no one in your house -> Ego videvi neminem in tui domum
You lost nothing while walking -> Tu amittevis nihil dum tu ambulabas
Relative Pronouns
Definite relative pronouns
The definite relative pronouns (who, whom, that, which, whose) in Eurizian take the following forms:
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | Qui | Qui |
Complementative | Quem | Quem |
Example: The book you see is mine -> Libro quem tu vides est illo mei.
When acting as indirect complements, these pronouns are used in the complementative case with the appropriate prepositions. Example:
Amico des Marcum, des quem fidelitate est noti al omnes, dicevit veritatem-> Marco's friend, whose loyalty is known to all, has told the truth
Indefinite relative pronouns
The pronoun anyone, anybody, whoever(used only in the singular) is translated as:
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | Quicumque | ----------- |
Complementative | Quemcumque | ----------- |
When a pronoun links two periods, it must always be associated with the correct relative pronoun.
Example: ego dabi id ad quemcumque qui quarebit id -> I will give it to anyone who asks for it
N.B: Indefinite relative pronouns always take the indicative mode:
quicumque est -> whoever is
Whatever (anything) is translated as quidcumque in all cases.