THE PRONOUNS

Oni is used as a third person impersonal subject referring to a person, in analogy with the use of the French 'On'.   Example: one must always tell the truth -> oni debet semper dicere veritate.

Reciprocal action is expressed with the adverb invicem (reciprocally).

Example: we help each other -> nos adiuvat nes invicem.

The subject pronoun 'se' is used in dependent sentences when the third person subject is the same as the subject of the main sentence. The complement pronoun 'ses' is used in the reflexive sense when it refers to the subject of the same sentence (corresponds to he himself, she herself, they themselves).

Demonstrative Pronouns

 

Each Eurizian demonstrative pronoun has two forms: one for masculine and neuter and one for feminine.  The two forms are declined according to number (singular, plural).

 

English pronouns “this” and “these”, referring to a person or thing close to the speaker, are translated into Eurizian  for masculine and neuter as: hoc (singular) e hos (plural)

 

For feminine:  hac (singular) e has (plural)

Example:  I love books very much, but I hate this -> Ego amat multo libros, sed ego detestat hoc

The expression 'this thing' is translated with the neuter huc.

 

English pronouns “that” and “those”, referring to a person or thing away from the speaker, are translated into Eurizian for masculine and neuter  as: illo (singular) and illos (plural)

 

For feminine: illa (singular) and illas (plural)

Example: I love flowers very much, but I detest the smell of those one -> ego amat multo flores, sed ego detestat odore de illas.

The expression 'that thing' is translated with the neuter illud .

 

Possessive pronouns

The pronominal form of possessives is obtained by using the demonstrative pronoun illo, illa followed by the appropriate possessive adjective. Example:

I cannot find my notebook -> Ego non invenit mei quaterno

You can take mine if you want -> Tu posset capere illo mei, si tu volet.

 

By way of example, the translation  of the pronoun mine is given below.

 

Masculine and neuter:  illo mei (singular) and illos mei (plural)

Feminine: illa mei (singular) and  illas mei (plural)

Interrogative Pronouns

Quis? (who?): is used only as a pronoun referring to a male or female person,  and is used only in the singular.

 

Examples:

Who rang the door? -> Quis sonavit ad ianua?

Who are you looking for? -> Quis vos estis qaerenti?

 

Quid? (what?): is used only as a pronoun referring to thing and is used only in the singular.

 

Examples:

What is troubling you? -> Quid sollicitat te?

What are you looking for? -> Quid vos estis quaerenti?

 

When acting as indirect complements, these pronouns are used with the appropriate prepositions.

Example: Whose book is this? -> De quis hoc libro est ?

 

The pronoun/adjective which of the two? is translated as uter and is used only in the singular, referring to a male or female person or thing, 

Example: Here are Mario and Marco; which of the two is the teacher's brother? -> Ecce Marco et Mario; uter est fratre de magistro?

 

The pronoun which one? is translated as qualis? Which is used for all three genders, plural and singular 

Example: Here are all my history books; which one do you want? -> Ecce omni mei libros de historia; qualis tu volet?

 

Other interrogative pronouns:

Who ever? Translated with Quisnam, which is used for masculine, and feminine in the singular only

What on earth? Is translated by Quidnam, which is used for thing ,  only in the singular

Example: Who would ever say such a thing? Quisnam diceret une simili re?

 

Indefinite Pronouns

The indefinite pronoun someone, somebody for masculine and neuter is translated as

aliquo (singular) and aliquos (plural)

While the corresponding feminine pronoun  is translated as:

aliqua (singular) and aliquas (plural)

Example: I saw the roses in your garden; some are very beautiful -> ego vidit rosas de tui viridario; aliquas sunt maxime pulchri.

The term something (used only in the singular) is translated as aliquid, a neutral form .

 

The indefinite pronoun the other, the others, for masculine and neuter is translated as:

alio (singular) and alios (plural)

While the corresponding feminine pronoun  is translated as:

 

alia (singular) and alias (plural)

Example: Our books are the green ones; the yellow and red ones belong to others-> Nostri libri sunt illos viridi; illos gilvi et rubri sunt de alios.

the expression 'other thing' (used only in the singular) is translated by aliud.

 

The indefinite pronoun each one, everyone which is only used in the singular form, is translated as Quisque

Example: Everyone is the author of his own destiny -> Quisque est artifice de sui sorte.

The expression each thing (used only in the singular) is translated as quidque, a neutral form .

 

The pronoun one, such a one, ifor maxuline and neuter s translated with:

Uno (singular) and unos (plural)

While the corresponding feminine pronoun  is translated as:

Una (singular) and unas (plural)

Example: I saw one reading the newspaper in the bar-> Ego vidit uno quem legebat ephemeride in baro.

 

The pronoun both (used only in plural form) for masculine,feminine and neuter  translates as:Utrosque

Example: I invited them both -> ego invitavit utrosque

 

The pronoun the rest, the remaining , all others for masculine,feminine and neuter is translated as :

Cetero (singular) and ceteros (plural)

Example: I kept only part of the books; the rest I threw away -> Ego servavit solum parte de libros; ego iacevit ceteros.

 

The pronoun everybody, everyone, everything  for  masculine, feminine and  neuter translates as

Omne (singular) and omnes (plural)

Example: Everyone needs love -> Omnes indiget amore.

The expression 'all things' is translated as omnia for all cases and used only in the plural form.

 

The pronoun much, many is translated as:

multo (singular) and multos (plural)

Example: many think only of money -> Multos cogitat solum pecunia

 

The pronoun little and few translate as:

pauco (singular) and paucos (plural)

 

Example: they chose a few -> Oni deligevit paucos

 

The pronoun nobody, no one (masculine and feminine, used only in the singular) is translated by nemo

The pronoun nothing (neuter, used only in the singular form), is translated as nihil

Please note that in Eurizian you cannot use two negations referring to the same predicate, so nihil and nemo can only be used in sentences in positive form. Example:

 

I saw no one in your house -> Ego videvit nemo in tui domo

You lost nothing while walking -> Tu amittevit nihil dum tu ambulabat

 

Relative Pronouns

 

Definite relative pronouns

The definite relative pronouns (who, whom, that,  which, whose) in Eurizian take only one  form: quem

Example: The book you see is mine -> Libro quem tu videt est illo mei.

Athletes who do not train will lose the race -> Athletas quem non exercet se, perdebit certamine

When acting as indirect complements, these pronouns are used  with the appropriate prepositions. Example:

Amico de Marco, de quem fidelitate est noti ad omnes, dicevit veritate-> Marco's friend, whose loyalty is known to all, has told the truth

 

Indefinite relative pronouns

The pronoun anyone, anybody, whoever(used only in the singular) is translated as quicumque