VERBS

General Aspects of Verb Conjugation

In Eurizian, all verbs in the infinitive end in -RE, and therefore there is only one verb conjugation. There are no irregular verbs, except for the verb ESSÈRE (“to be”), whose conjugation differs from the regular one only in the present indicative tense.

The subject of the verb must always be explicitly stated, except in the imperative or hortative moods, where the subject may be omitted in some cases.The subject always immediately precedes the verb and can be separated from it only by a negation or an adverb.

ESSÈRE is the only auxiliary verb in the language. It is used to form the compound tenses of the passive voice for transitive verbs.

USE OF MOODS AND TENSES

Indicative Mood: This is a finite mood used to express certainty regarding the occurrence of an event or action. It includes the following tenses:

Present indicative: expresses an action or state occurring at the time of speaking;
Imperfect indicative: indicates an action or state in the past relative to the moment of speaking, or a possible condition in hypothetical clauses;
Perfect indicative: expresses an action completed in the past relative to the time of speaking;
Future indicative: indicates an action that will occur in the future.
Future perfect indicative: indicates events, experiences, or facts considered completed but still situated in the future.

Conditional Mood: Mainly used to indicate an event or situation that occurs only if a specific condition is met. It includes the following tenses:

Present conditional: used to describe situations or habits dependent on a condition;
Past conditional: expresses hypothetical or potential events conditioned by a certain circumstance.

Hortative and Imperative Moods: Used to express exhortation or command.

Progressive Mood: Expresses an action in progress, whether in the present, past, or future.

Imminent or Intentional Mood: Expresses an action that is about to take place or is intended in the present, past, or future.

Infinitive Mood: Used in object clauses.

Participle Mood: Used to form compound tenses:

Present participle → tenses in the progressive mood
Past participle → compound tenses in the passive voice
Future participle → tenses in the imminent or intentional mood

Gerund Mood: Used to express the nominal form of the verb.

Verb Conjugation Rules

Except for the verb ESSÈRE (the only irregular verb), all Eurizian verbs follow the same conjugation pattern. All verbs end in -RE in the infinitive. To conjugate a verb, first derive the stem by removing the -RE ending.For example, the stem of AMARE is AMA-.

To conjugate a verb in Indicative or conditional mood (active form) add to the stem:

the tense suffix (for all tenses except the present)
and the ending -T, which is the same for all persons.

CONJUGATION = STEM + TENSE SUFFIX + ENDING (-T)

TENSE SUFFIXES AND ENDINGS

Note: For ESSÈRE, the present indicative is identical to the Latin present indicative:

Ego sum → I am
Tu es → You are
Is, Ea, Id est → He, she, it is
Nos sumus → We are
Vos estis → You (plural) are
Ili, Ele sunt → They are

INDICATIVE AND CONDITIONAL MOOD IN PASSIVE FORM

Passive voice: formed by combining the verb ESSÈRE in the corresponding tense with the past participle of the verb to be conjugated. Example:

Imperfect Indicative Passive = Imperfect Indicative of the verb ESSERE + past participle of the verb to be conjugated: We were loved → Nos essebat amati

PROGRESSIVE MOOD

The progressive form in any tense (present, past, future) is built with:

the verb ESSÈRE conjugated in the target tense (present, imperfect, future)

the present participle of the verb to be conjugated. Examples:

You are speaking → Tu es loquinti

You were speaking → Tu essebat loquinti

You will be speaking → Tu essebit loquinti

IMMINENT OR INTENTIONAL MOOD

The imminent or intentional form in any tense (present, past, future) is built with:

the verb ESSÈRE in the appropriate tense (present, imperfect, future)
the future participle of the verb to be conjugated. Examples:

You are about to speak / You intend to speak → Tu es loquituri

You were about to speak / You intended to speak → Tu essebat loquituri

You will be about to speak / You will intend to speak → Tu essebit loquituri

Passive form:

Present: ESSÈRE (present) + ESSETURI + past participle

Past: ESSÈRE (imperfect) + ESSETURI + past participle

Future: ESSÈRE (future) + ESSETURI + past participle

HORTATIVE OR IMPERATIVE MOOD

The active exhortative/imperative verb form is constructed as follows:

2nd person singular: The verb root is used without any ending. In this case, the subject may be omitted.
1st person plural: The verb root is followed by the ending -MUS. The subject may be omitted.
2nd person plural: The verb root is followed by the ending -TE. The subject may be omitted.
3rd person singular and plural: The verb root is used without any ending. However, in this case, the subject must be explicitly stated and cannot be omitted. This third-person exhortative form is often introduced by the particle ke as a reinforcement of the exhortative meaning.
Example: ke is ama (imperative/exhortative) → let him love!

Note: For the verb to be only, the imperative/exhortative form is expressed by the subject (which must always be stated) followed by the invariant verb form sit, used for all persons:

ego sit → let me be
tu sit → let you be (sing.)
is, ea, id sit → let him, her, it be
nos sit → let us be
vos sit → let you be (pl.)
ili, ele sit → let them be (masc./fem.)

The passive exhortative is formed using the exhortative form of the verb to be (subject + sit) followed by the past participle of the main verb.
Example: Let you be blessed! → tu sit benedicti!

The exhortative form of the verb to be, as well as the passive exhortative forms, may also be preceded by the particle ke for added exhortative emphasis.

INFINITIVE MOOD

Present infinitive: base form (used to derive the stem)
Past infinitive: stem + VISSE
Future infinitive: stem + TURI

Passive forms:

Present: ESSÈRE + past participle
Past: ESSEVISSE + past participle
Future: ESSÈRE ESSETURI + past participle

GERUND MOOD

The gerund is formed by adding -NDO to the stem.
Passive gerund: ESSENDO + past participle

The adjectival form of the gerund is created by replacing the final -O with -I.
Example:

AMARE → AMANDO → AMANDI ("to be loved")

Tyrrheno est une amandi mare
"The Tyrrhenian is a sea to be loved."

NOTE ON THE PARTICIPLE

In Eurizian, the participle also translates the Italian gerund.

Examples:

“Marco, asking his brother for help, solved all the problems.” →
Marco, roganti auxilio ad sui fratre, solvevit omni quaestiones.
“Marco, having asked his brother for help, solved all the problems.” →
Marco, rogati auxilio ad sui fratre, solvevit omni quaestiones.

When the subject of the participle is the same as that of the main clause, it may be omitted.

In the next two paragraphs, summary diagrams of the Eurizian conjugation are shown

for the verb ESSÈRE (TO BE) ,as the only verb with irregular conjugation;
for the verb AMARE (TO LOVE) as a valid conjugation example for all Eurizian verbs.

Verbs with a particular construction

As in English and Latin, there are also verbs in Euriziano that are called impersonal because their action cannot refer to a specific person. In the indicative et conditional mode they are only used in the third person singular. These are verbs that indicate atmospheric or natural phenomena:

fulgere, fulgurare -> to be flashing;

fulminare -> to be lightening;

grandinare-> to hail;

lucescere -> to get light;

ningere -> to snow;

nubilare -> to get cloudy;

pluere -> to rain;

tonare-> to thunder;

vesperare-> toget dark;

advesperare-> to get evening;

disserenare -> to clear;

these verbs, conjugated in the third person, always require id as subject:

hodie id pluet -> today it is raining

pluere can also be used as transitive in the figurative sense (subject in third person, verb, direct complement ). Example: it is raining stones-> id pluet saxos.

Some verbs indicating a feeling of the soul, in particular:

miserere -> to pity; paenitere -> to repent; pigere -> to regret; pudere -> to be ashamed;

taedere -> to be bored

contrary to Latin, in Eurizian have the following personal construction:

person who feels the sentiment (subject ) - verb in the person corresponding to the subject - preposition ob - thing that determines the sentiment.

example: multos non pudet ob sui infamia -> many are not ashamed of their infamy.

The verbs: fallere, fugere, latere -> to escape; iuvare ->to benefit; delectare -> to delight; decere -> to suit; dedecere -> not to suit.

The construction for these verbs is as follows:

subject (nominative) - verb conjugated in the person corresponding to the subject - person with whom the subject is related.

example:

Ira non decet rege -> Wrath does not suit the king

PLEASE NOTE: All verbs that in Latin are intransitive and have either the dative or the genitive case, in Euriziano become transitive and have the direct complement without preposition.

Negative form

The negative form of a sentence is always constructed by placing the adverb “non” directly in front of the verb.

Example: I am not coming with you → Ego non venit cum te.

Not... anymore, no longer is translated as non... amplius.

Example: I no longer hope to see you → Ego non sperat amplius quod ego videbit te.

Never is translated with numquam, which is always placed before the verb.
Example: I never said that → Ego numquam dicevit huc.

Nothing else is translated as nihil amplius.

Example: I saw nothing else → Ego videvit nihil amplius.